Shotgun shells, like many forms of ammunition, aren't immortal. Understanding how and why shotgun shells go bad is crucial for safety and reliable performance. This comprehensive guide explores the factors affecting shell degradation, how to identify bad shells, proper storage techniques, and what to do with old ammunition. We'll delve into the chemistry, the physics, and the practical implications of letting your shotgun shells age.
What Causes Shotgun Shells to Deteriorate?
Several factors contribute to the degradation of shotgun shells, ultimately impacting their reliability and safety. These factors interact in complex ways, so it's not always a simple case of "X years = bad shells."
1. The Primers: The Heart of the Problem
The primer is the small, explosive charge that ignites the gunpowder. Over time, the primer's chemical composition can become unstable. Heat and humidity are the biggest enemies here. Exposure to these elements can cause the primer's sensitivity to decrease or even become erratic. This can lead to misfires or even dangerous hangfires (delayed ignition).
2. The Gunpowder: A Delicate Balance
Gunpowder, while relatively stable, is also susceptible to environmental degradation. Prolonged exposure to moisture can cause it to clump or become less potent. This reduces the pressure generated when the shell is fired, leading to inconsistent shot patterns or reduced velocity. Furthermore, the chemical breakdown of gunpowder can produce corrosive byproducts that damage the barrel of your shotgun.
3. The Shell Casing: A Protective Barrier (With Limitations)
The casing itself provides some protection to the internal components, but it’s not foolproof. Metal casings can rust or corrode, especially in humid environments. Paper or plastic casings can become brittle and susceptible to cracking, potentially leading to malfunctions or accidental discharge.
4. Environmental Factors: The Silent Destroyers
Environmental conditions play a significant role in shell degradation. High temperatures accelerate chemical reactions, breaking down the primer and gunpowder faster. High humidity promotes corrosion and the absorption of moisture by the gunpowder, rendering it ineffective. Extreme temperature fluctuations, cycling between hot and cold, cause stress on the casing and its internal components, potentially weakening them.
How to Identify Bad Shotgun Shells
Recognizing a bad shotgun shell can be tricky, but here are some key indicators to watch out for:
- Rust or Corrosion: Visible rust on the shell casing is a major red flag. This indicates that moisture has compromised the integrity of the metal, potentially affecting the internal components as well.
- Damaged or Brittle Casing: Cracks or significant wear on the casing, especially on paper or plastic shells, suggest structural weakness. These shells are prone to malfunction or bursting.
- Primer Issues: Examine the primer. If it looks damaged, discolored, or pitted, it's a sign of degradation and should be discarded.
- Unusual Odor: A strong, unusual odor from the shell might indicate the breakdown of gunpowder components. This is a clear sign of degradation.
- Loose Shot: Carefully shake the shell. If you hear a rattling sound, it suggests the shot has become loose and might not be properly seated.
Proper Storage of Shotgun Shells: Ensuring Longevity
Proper storage is crucial to maximizing the shelf life of your shotgun shells. Here's a breakdown of best practices:
- Cool, Dry Environment: Store shells in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. Ideally, the temperature should remain relatively constant.
- Airtight Containers: Use airtight containers or ammunition cans to protect shells from moisture and humidity. These containers help prevent the absorption of moisture by the gunpowder and corrosion of the metal casings.
- Away from Chemicals: Keep shells away from chemicals, solvents, or other substances that could react with the components of the shells.
- Vertical Storage: Store shells upright to prevent any damage to the primer.
- Regular Inspection: Inspect your shells periodically to check for any signs of damage or degradation.
Case Study: The Impact of Improper Storage
A hunter stored several boxes of shotgun shells in his unheated garage for five years. The garage experienced significant temperature fluctuations and high humidity during certain seasons. Upon inspection, many of the shells showed visible rust, and some casings were cracked. Testing revealed reduced velocity and inconsistent shot patterns in those affected shells. This demonstrates the significant impact of improper storage on shell performance and safety.
What to Do With Old Shotgun Shells
If you have old shotgun shells, don't assume they're still good. Never fire questionable ammunition. It's dangerous. The best practice is to dispose of them safely. Contact your local law enforcement agency or a licensed firearms dealer for proper disposal instructions. Many jurisdictions have specific guidelines for discarding ammunition.
Conclusion: Prioritize Safety and Responsible Ownership
The longevity of shotgun shells depends significantly on proper storage and environmental conditions. By understanding the factors that cause degradation and following best practices, you can maintain a safe and reliable supply of ammunition. Remember, safety always comes first. Never use shells that show signs of age or deterioration. Proper storage and responsible disposal practices are essential aspects of responsible gun ownership.